Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. The Italian Wars finally ended after a seventh war, which lasted from 1547 until 1559. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. When it was released back in 2018, the numbers were good. Consequently, the earliest efforts at exploration by the English, Dutch, and French concentrated on lands unclaimed by either country, This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. Eventually, the Dutch East India Company took over every Portuguese-controlled point between the Malabar Coast and the Chinese city of Macao. The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. Great Britain was born on the first of May, 310 years ago. The pope also gave Ferdinand and Isabella the authority to convert the people of these new lands to Christianity and to govern them. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. Yet the Catalan revolt and the Andalusian independence movement, along with the loss of Portugal, showed that Spain was losing its status as a major world power. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. The monarchs reorganized the Santa Hermandad into a national militia (citizens army) that was funded by towns. Earlier they had been great centers of learning and the arts, but now the great monastic libraries were divided and sent to other The English were weakened by their loss to the French during the Hundred Years' War. By the late 1640s, the Catalans had tired of French rule, and Haro offered to restore Catalan privileges. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. The Catholic sovereigns had specific goals: they wanted to bring the remainder of the Iberian Peninsula under their control, crush opposition groups, centralize the government, and unify the Spanish kingdoms. The Concordat marked a high point in the struggle over the question of the monarch's sovereignty, which had divided France into two camps. Among them was William I Prince of Orange (15331584), the spiritual leader of the rebellion. He lost his third and most beloved wife, Elizabeth of Valois, as she was delivering a baby daughter. The Rise of the Modern (Idea of the) State DANIE F. M. STRAUSS A BSTRACT Some of the main contours of the development of Western society from ancient Greece and through the medieval era up to the rise of the modern state constitute the substance of this article. She was an accomplished performer on the virginal, the keyboard instrument named in honor of her status as the Virgin QueenElizabeth refused to get married because she had devoted her life to her country. Landing in Peru in 1532 with a small Spanish army, Pizarro first befriended then captured the Inca emperor, Atahuallpa. When Gama returned to Calicut in 1502, with the purpose of turning it into a Portuguese colony, the city's head administrator, or Samuri, sent a ship full of envoys (representatives) to discuss the captain's intentions. These people would thus profit from the continuation of the Reformation. English seamen rushed home from all over the globe to defend their homeland for their beloved Gloriana (the nickname given to Elizabeth). Unlike Asia, Africa's kingdoms had never allowed Europeans to penetrate the interior. The following month Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the island natives. Ferdinand became king of Aragon when his father, King John II (13971479; ruled 145879), died in 1479. The English made three assaults on the Spanish, but they did not inflict any serious damage. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. By this time most Spaniards were having second thoughts about the new king: Charles had never been to their country, and he could not even speak Spanish. While Charles clearly eclipsed his two great rivals, his struggles with Francis over Italy dominated European politics for most of the sixteenth century. (Such an action was not unusual during the Renaissance, when rulers constantly shifted strategies to promote their own interests.) Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. Years' War. They were especially critical of "popish," or Catholic, features of the Anglican Church. Francis quickly organized the League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, and the republic of Florence against Charles. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. Driven by increasing prosperity, the emerging powers of northwestern EuropeEngland, France, and the Netherlandsdecided to invest in exploration. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. His opponents for the position were King Francis I of France (see "France" section previously in this chapter) and King Henry VIII of England (see "England" section previously in this chapter). Henry succeeded in restoring prosperity Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. or leaving the dominion of Castile. They had a daughter, Mary, but the king wanted a son because he did not believe Mary would be accepted as his Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. Henry Tudor (14571509), earl of Richmond, became the champion of those who felt that Richard had wrongly taken the throne. Then on December 9, 1525, King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) gave a similar choice to Moriscos living in Aragon after he had inherited the country from his grandfather Ferdinand. The emperor now controlled Rome and had power over the pope. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. During the invasion Charles's troops had sacked Rome and stormed Clement's residence. Francia: French National Day is on July 14 in order to coincide with which historical event? This marriage did not allow England to be free of the war, though, since many English people believed it was necessary to aid Protestants on the European continent. Yet she also spent excessive amounts of money on the "Cult of Gloriana," staging grand pageants and spectacles to impress the English people. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while thousands more tried to save their own lives by converting to Christianity. North and South America were later named for Vespucci. They did not share a collective identity or a common culture. Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). 6,279 talking about this. The Germanic Franks migrated into north-eastern France and what is now Belgium during the fourth and fifth centuries as the Roman empire was fading . Germany Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. Practicing Jews were segregated and forced to wear an identifying badge. She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. He was the first of the Bourbon line of rulers. A year later, in October and November 1520, Magellan navigated the treacherous straits (now known as the Straits of Magellan) at the continent's cape and sailed across the Pacific, the world's largest ocean. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. Rise of Kingdoms is a game for iOS and Android with which you can enjoy the whole experience of a strategy game at your fingertips. Charles spent his final years as an adviser to Philip, who soon earned the nickname of the "Prudent King" because he made decisions slowly and with great deliberation. The noblemen of Castile opposed the marriage because they knew a strong monarchy would The geography and number of subkingdoms varied over time, but the term Francia eventually came to refer to . Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). It was moderate in tonethat is, it did not reflect drastic changes from the Roman Catholic worship servicesbut a revision issued in 1552 was radically different. Cartier's voyages never took him farther west than the site of modern-day Montreal, Canada, but his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). William responded with a document that accused Philip of incest (having sexual relations with family members), adultery (having sexual relations outside marriage), and the murders of both Carlos and Elizabeth of Valois. On December 31, 1514, Louis died, and on the first day of 1515 Francis I took the throne of France. Capitalism is considered one of the major contributions of the Renaissance. Her Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria successor to the throne. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. She did not call herself Supreme Head, possibly because it was believed a woman could not head a church. In the eleventh century Christian states in the north of Spain, even though they were not unified, took advantage of Muslim unrest and set out to recapture territories conquered by the Moors. Monarchs (kings and queen with supreme rule) in France, England, and Spain responded to the chaotic situation in Europe by consolidating their power. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. The uncrowned French king, Charles VII, then took the throne in 1429. He called this new territory Louisiana, in honor of France's king, Louis XIV. During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." Kurds and the Formation of the State of Iraq 1917-1932 M. R. Izady. February 3, 2023. The child king was placed in the Tower of London along with his brother; those who had opposed Richard were executed. This movement, led by Hugh O'Neill (c. 15401616), earl of Tyrone, was designed to gain Irish independence from England. Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. Lusitanians were successively overrun by Celts, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors (711). Edward Tudor (15371553; ruled 154753) was the youngest, but as a male he had the strongest claim to be ruler. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain They had the support and advice of Isabella's priest, Francisco Jimnez de Cisneros (14361517), and Gonzalo Fernndez de Crdoba (14531515), the foremost military leader of his day. The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. In Rise of Kingdoms, Lyceum of Wisdom is the place where you can come and answer a lot of trivia quizzes regarding the game itself and the world history in general and earn a lot of valuable rewards. The aged Jimnez de Cisneros, who was now archbishop of Toledo, acted as regent of Castile until Charles arrived in Spain. The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. By the mid-thirteenth century, the present boundaries of Portugal were established and Lisbon became the capital. This success was due to able military leadership, development of a full-time professional army, and a taxation system that supported the army. The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, was worried about the Catholic advance in the Low Countries. The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. Revolts broke out as soon as the king left the country. Henry and Anne Boleyn had been secretly married in January, and their daughter Elizabeth was born the following September. The French effort collapsed in 1528. He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Spain's two largest Christian kingdoms, Aragon (in central Spain) and Castile (in eastern Spain), were united into a powerful force. The dispute over whether France or Spain had the right to rule Naples and Sicily had been going on since the thirteenth century. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. He improperly anchored the fleet, thus leaving an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to set the Armada ablaze. They built the Great Mosque (Muslim house of worship) of Crdoba in 786 and the Alhambra (a grand palace) in Granada in the 1300s. In 1415 Henry the Navigator, son of the Portuguese king, led an armada against Ceuta and won a battle that left thousands of Muslim bodies piled in the streets of the city. Under terms of the peace agreement, the Treaty of Brtigny (1360), the kingdom of France was divided and the southwest region was formally given to the king of England. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . Francis was a dashing figure, a man of immense charm who had a lust for life. The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. In the course of the argumentation the actual history of state formation and the gradual emergence of the idea of the state are . The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. Trait 2: ++10% Wood Gathering Speed. Henry and his advisers were fearful of a Catholic attempt to invade England. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. One by one the Spanish ships broke their cables and headed for open water. In fact, in 1614 he dissolved Parliament, then ruled for seven years without one. ." The court paid small pensions (financial allowances for retired people) to the former monks and nuns, and larger ones to the former abbots and priors (heads of monasteries) who had cooperated in the closing of their houses. Alba's repression continued unchecked, but by 1573 Philip had seen enough. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. Rise of Kingdoms is a staggeringly huge mobile game. . They spent vast amounts of money on fortifications and on renewed wars against France and Scotland (a traditional ally of the French). In 1071 Muslim Turks had seized Jerusalemthe center of the Holy Land and a city considered sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christianswhen they conquered the Byzantine Empire (the eastern part of the former Roman Empire, based in Constantinople, which is now Istanbul, Turkey). Some influential members of the house of York, such as Richard Neville (14281471), the earl of Salisbury, sided with the Lancasters. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. Many of the Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland. In an effort to prevent this outcome, Ferdinand brought Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, from Flanders to Spain. The only way another country could reach the Indies would be by a western route. In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. When the Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century in Italy, Europe was divided into hundreds of independent states, each with its own laws and customs. Philip the Fair was followed by three sons, each of whom reigned only briefly and left no direct male heirs. With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. The Jews therefore welcomed the invading Moors in 711. Although it was a long and difficult journey across the entire Asian Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. $49.95 He frequently attacked his father's ministers, including the duke of Alba, with a knife. Among the reforms they demanded were simplified services, less elaborate church music, simpler vestments (robes worn by clergymen), and more preaching. At the top were kings, who owned the land. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. Diverse people lived within the territories. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. In these lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been known in Europe. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. Egypt awakens, chaos awaits. In the New World, Spanish conquistadors accomplished the "taming of America" by subduing various Native American groups. By that time Germanic tribes, called the Visigoths, had carved up Spain . After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. Although England was smaller than France, it was able to gather a large army. They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. France (Franks) The territory which today forms France had its earliest periods of human habitation in various Early Cultures.The modern nation state emerged from what had been the Celtic territory known to the Romans as as Gaul or Gallia. Spanish forces led personally by Charles took La Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), a seaport town in northeast Tunisia. Trait 1: +3% Troop Health. Royal Family of Denmark. In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. scholars. He had the boy trained in Spanish customs and politics and even made out a will naming the young Ferdinand as his heir. After receiving a tremendous ransom for the emperor's release, Pizarro murdered Atahuallpa, then claimed the Inca empire for Spain, killing all the Inca who did not cooperate. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. Once a Dutch presence had been established in the Spice Islands, ships commissioned by the Dutch East India Company assaulted Portuguese ports from the Indian Ocean to China. Dvelopp par Lilith Games, Rise of Kingdoms est un Mary then had Elizabeth arrested and sent to the Tower of London (a prison for members of royalty and the nobility), and later to Woodstock. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. The queen died two years later. In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. Before 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. Francis died of gout and liver disease at Rambouillet, France, in 1547. Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, was named Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1558. Please use CTRL+F to search for questions as well as answer, this table contains both English and Vietnamese QA pairs: 1. Introduction. The tribes formed their own kingdom, sometimes called the Visigoth Kingdom of Toulouse, which spread across southern Spain to claim . In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . Joan stood near Charles VII as he was crowned king at Rheims, France, in 1429. It helped shape world history as a whole, by giving rise to early forms of representative government. The following year, after extensive manipulation by his Habsburg advisers, Charles was elected as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (he was not officially crowned until 1530). The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. The Visigoths were a nomadic Germanic tribe which flourished in Europe during the time of the Romans. In 1502 Moriscos were also given the choice of converting to Christianity Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. For these reasons Henry VII was once considered England's first Renaissance ruler, and the English Renaissance was often dated to the beginning of his reign in 1485. The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. The humanist ideas associated with the English Renaissance had begun to filter into England before Henry took the throne but were firmly established only during his reign. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. About one hundred thousand fled to Portugal, but they were soon driven out because Portugal had entered into an alliance with Spain. At that time he was feudal lord of a greater part of France, including Normandy, Brittany, and Anjou in the northwest and Aquitaine in the southwest. The Genoan seafarer Christopher Columbus believed that the western route would actually be shorter. Under feudalism there were few cities, and most communities consisted of small towns and rural areas clustered around castles, which served as centers of government and social life (see "Castle as center of community" in Chapter 1). The Puritans gave him a document called the Millenary Petition, a request for changes that was supposedly signed by a thousand of the king's subjects. In 1620 Frederick lost the throne of Bohemia (he was nicknamed the "Winter King" because he ruled for only one winter) and was stripped of all his territories in the Holy Roman Empire. Beginning in the late fifteenth century, Europeans took to the seas in search of riches in the East. (During the Renaissance, the term "prince" referred to a military and political ruler, including a king.) From Turkey to Tonga and Japan to Jordan, royal families have overseen the development of their countries throughout history as heads of state, rulers, and . The conflict ended in 1571, when Philip's illegitimate half-brother, John of Austria (15451578), led a Catholic armada against the Turks in the great naval battle of Lepanto (Gulf of Corinth) in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Greece. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. Storming of the Bastille: From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country? Netherlands had always been the Spanish, but they were especially critical ``! 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