6d. [22] In refusing Dalrymple's command, Hawke was influenced by previous insubordination aboard the sloop HMSParamour in 1698, when naval officers had refused to take orders from civilian commander Dr. Edmond Halley. The hull of fruitwood, plank on frame, fastened with scale trenails. George Augustus Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke. HMS Endeavour[g] was a British Royal Navy research vessel that Lieutenant James Cook commanded to Australia and New Zealand on his first voyage of discovery from 1768 to 1771. As soon as the mistake was realised, redoubled efforts kept the pumps ahead of the leak. She was a collier and was initially launched as the Earl of Pembroke in 1764. [11][84] Mather returned her to sea for at least one commercial voyage to Archangel in Russia. Nevertheless, its incredible that both Endeavour and Resolution, two of the most important exploration vessels of the Age of Enlightenment, likely finished their careers there, Kevin says. Endeavour was originally the merchant collier Earl of Pembroke, built by Thomas Fishburn for Thomas Millner, launched in June 1764 from the coal and whaling port of Whitby in the North Riding of Yorkshire. [21], The Royal Society suggested command be given to Scottish geographer Alexander Dalrymple, whose acceptance was conditional on a brevet commission as a captain in the Royal Navy. [65], After riding at anchor for two weeks, Endeavour was heaved out of the water on 9 November and laid on her side for repairs. 5556. To prevent the latter the British commander, Captain John Brisbane, determined to blockade the bay by sinking surplus vessels at its mouth. But the next site over could be the same size or more covered over There are all sorts of ways this might work out.. But this is a controversial vessel, and celebrations of its discovery will be tempered by reflection about its complicity in the British colonisation of Indigenous Australian land. Painting by Thomas Luny, c. 1790. [50] The anchors were retrieved, except for one which could not be freed from the seabed and had to be abandoned. In 1999 RIMAP discovered documents in the Public Record Office (now called the National Archives) in London confirming that Endeavour had been renamed Lord Sandwich, had served as a troop transport to North America, and had been scuttled at Newport as part of the 1778 fleet of transports. Get incredible stories of extraordinary wildlife, enlightening discoveries and stunning destinations, delivered to your inbox. We are coming closer to saying weve found it, but we still have to prove it, Kathy says. Built as a collier, Captain James Cook's ship Endeavour carried him around the world and up the east coast of Australia in 1768-71, before becoming a coal ship again. For 16 years, they did work to pick away at which of the 13 might be Endeavour, but progress was slow dives are restricted to short summer seasons and RIMAP is a volunteer organisation that scrapes by on small grants and donations. These were the four Royal Navy frigates on 5 August along the coast of Aquidneck Island north of Newport: Juno 32, Lark 32, Orpheus 32, and Cerberus 28; the Royal Navy sloop of war Kingsfisher and galleys Alarm and Spitfire in the Sakonnet River on 30 July; the Royal Navy frigate Flora and sloop of war Falcon in Newport Harbour on 9 August; and ten of the thirteen privately owned British transports sunk in Newport Harbour between 35 August were Betty, Britannia, Earl of Oxford, Good Intent, Grand Duke of Russia, Lord Sandwich, Malaga, Rachel and Mary, Susanna, and Union. I didnt stand up in the reading room of the Public Records Office and scream I found it!, because you dont do that, but it was exciting, she says. The wood used in Whitby is also very likely to have been distinct from that used in shipbuilding yards in North America, where some of the other scuttled vessels are believed to have been built. but ultimately purchased for 2,840. [66] Over the following twelve weeks, a further 23 died from disease and were buried at sea, including Spring, Green, Parkinson, and the ship's surgeon William Monkhouse. Those still sick were taken ashore for treatment. From 1768 to 1771, the Endeavour sailed the South Pacific, ostensibly to record the transit of Venus in Tahiti in 1769. Endeavour was in Newport and might be found made her persevere. [47] Remains of equipment left at Endeavour River were discovered in around 1900, and in 1913 the crew of a merchant steamer erroneously claimed to have recovered an Endeavour cannon from shallow water near the Reef. ^[d] The pressed man was John Thurman, born in New York but a British subject and therefore eligible for involuntary impressment aboard a Royal Navy vessel. She was launched in 1764 as the collier Earl of Pembroke, with the Navy purchasing her in 1768 for a scientific mission to the Pacific Ocean and to explore the seas for the surmised Terra Australis Incognita or "unknown southern land". Concretion. The museums maritime archaeologists also now fly from Sydney to participate in the dives. The three-masted ship was then used in films including Treasure Island, Count of Monte-Cristo, Shipwrecked, Cloud Atlas and Alice in Wonderland. If so, this would more closely conform with both naval standards and the lengths of the other masts. Its flat-bottomed hull and box-like shape, designed to transport bulk cargo, later proved helpful when navigating the treacherous coral reefs of the southern seas. IN 22 AUGUST 1770, the crew of HMB Endeavour, led by Lieutenant James Cook, reached Possession Island, off the northern tip of Australia. [92][93] The island was taken but not subdued, and Lord Sandwich 2 was needed as a prison ship. The French had by then entered the war on the side of the Americans, and with a fleet of their warships poised to take Newport, Lord Sandwich was among 13 vessels deliberately sunk in formation by the British to block access to the harbour. Subsequent sleuthing through historic records by experts including Dr Kathy Abbass, director of the Rhode Island Marine Archaeology Project (RIMAP), has painted a remarkable picture of Endeavours final years as Lord Sandwich, including its role as a troop transport, shipping German Hessian mercenaries who hailed from the southern German province of Hesse-Cassel, to America to fight for the British. Any day I get to dive on a shipwreck is a good day, he says. 5s. [24], On 27 May 1768, Cook took command of Earl of Pembroke, valued in March at 2,307. While none provided a link to Cooks vessel, these artefacts are diagnostic to the time period Lord Sandwich was scuttled and help associate this wreck to the transport fleet, she says. During the ship's stay in Batavia, all but 10 of the 94people aboard had been taken ill with malaria and dysentery. Four years later, it was renamed Endeavour by Britain's navy and was readied for a major scientific voyage to the Pacific. [51] Despite this, Joseph Banks noted in his journal the calm efficiency of the crew in the face of danger, contrary to stories he had heard of seamen panicking or refusing orders in such circumstances. This was the Age of Enlightenment, and British ambitions knew no bounds. Endeavours voyage across the Pacific Ocean. What remained certain was that after Cook returned in 1771 from his first South Pacific voyage, the Endeavour was immediately refitted as a naval transport. Despite the fact the ANMM would dearly like to find. Every man on board took turns on the pumps, including Cook and Banks. During her travels, Endeavour and her crew would chart an entirely new hemisphere. Deputy Director, Sydney Southeast Asia Centre, University of Sydney. It was more of the cult of the individual, Kevin says. Its a relatively unknown end for HMB Endeavour, but its also interesting for such a significant vessel to end up in an engagement so fundamental to the British decision to colonise Australia.. In a serendipitous twist, it coincides with two significant dates: the 250th anniversary of the Endeavours departure from England in 1768 on its now (in)famous voyage south, and the 240th anniversary of the ships scuttling in 1778 during the American War of Independence. Finding a shipwreck is not impossible, but finding the one youre looking for is hard. Copyright 20102023, The Conversation US, Inc. Endeavour, then known as Earl of Pembroke, leaving Whitby Harbour in 1768. The average punter would swim right by.. She was renamed in 1775 after being sold into private hands, and used to transport timber from the Baltic. [66] Broken timbers were replaced and the hull recaulked, scraped of shellfish and marine flora, and repainted. Improvements in technology such as remote sensing and photogrammetry, which have been used to stitch together thousands of photos to create detailed 3D reconstructions of wreck sites helped, and by 2016 theyd mapped out eight of the 13 wreck sites. Commissioned as His Majesty's Bark Endeavour, she departed Plymouth in August 1768, rounded Cape Horn and reached Tahiti in time to observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun. Ela foi transferida para o Reino Unido em 1980, onde sua restaurao completa comeou em 1985. The discovery has therefore resolved a long-standing maritime mystery. [18][19] Late twentieth-century research suggests the annotation may be a transcription error with "19yards29 inches" (18.1m) being the true reading. [31] Ten 4-pounder cannon were brought aboard, six of which were mounted on the upper deck with the remainder stowed in the hold. Four years later, it was renamed Endeavour by Britain's navy and was readied for a major scientific voyage to the Pacific. Endeavour was a ship with many lives, famously carrying James Cook on his first great voyage to the Pacific islands. Painting by Thomas Luny, 1790. [68] Jonathan Monkhouse, who had proposed fothering the ship to save her from sinking on the reef, died on 6 February, followed six days later by ship's carpenter John Seetterly, whose skilled repair work in Batavia had allowed Endeavour to resume her voyage. From 1768 to 1771, the Endeavour sailed the South Pacific, ostensibly to record the transit of Venus in Tahiti in 1769. Within this group, they suspected HMB Endeavour, a 368-tonne vessel, was likely to be at least a third bigger than any of the other transports. In this case, the research proved that the stern post on display at the ANMM was not that of Endeavour, but instead belonged to Resolution. Four years later, it was renamed Endeavour by Britain's navy and was readied for a major scientific voyage to the Pacific. Revealing the untold story of this famous vessel has a special thrill. The ship was promptly beached on the southern bank and careened to make repairs to the hull. Intriguingly, the British decision to colonise Australia was influenced by the loss of its 13 east-coast colonies in the Americas, where it was previously sending labour and prisoners. Repairs and replenishment were completed by Christmas Day 1770, and the next day Endeavour weighed anchor and set sail westward towards the Indian Ocean. [72] On 15 April, the sick were brought back on board along with ten recruits from Cape Town, and Endeavour resumed her homeward voyage. Cannons covered in dense marine growth and mineral concretions are the only thing that might hint at a shipwreck to the casual observer, and they are what led to the discovery of RI 2394 and then its mapping in 2007. He eventually joined the Navy, where his talent in math and mapmaking earned him notice. Ostensibly sailing to the South Pacific to observe the 1769 Transit of Venus, Cook was also under orders to search for the fabled southern continent. Since our excavation unit was only three feet wide, and the remainder of the vessel is currently unexcavated, this was an extraordinary stroke of luck, Kerry says. The third voyage sailed in January 1774 with her purpose to evacuate the Falklands entirely as Britain was faced with political difficulties from the American Colonies, the French and the Spanish. She was about 30 metres long, designed to handle shallow draughts, and to be beached and repaired without a dry dock. People ask why would two of the vessels that sailed around the world with Cook end up in Newport Harbour. The ship was also renamed to 'Earl of Pembroke', in homage to 'HMS Endeavour's' original name. In April 1770, Endeavour became the first European ship to reach the east coast of Australia, with Cook going ashore at what is now known as Botany Bay. 12, "Endeavour Was Well Fitted For Voyage of Discovery", "The replica HM Bark Endeavour: History of Bark Endeavour and Captain Cook", "The Fate of Cook's Ships: Cook's Ships A Summary Update", "The Fate of Cook's Ships: What Do We Know About The Endeavour? The remnants of La Libert disappeared long ago beneath land reclaimed as a parking lot, but its stern post, thought to be that of Endeavour, arrived in Australia for the bicentenary in 1988. To keep Endeavour's voyages and discoveries secret, Cook confiscated the log books and journals of all on board and ordered them to remain silent about where they had been. Endeavour was scuttled on 4 August 1778 and Cooks own demise followed just six months later, on 14 February 1779. [37] Thurman journeyed with Endeavour to Tahiti where he was promoted to the position of sailmaker's assistant, and then to New Zealand and Australia. [124] The replica Endeavour finally entered Sydney Harbour on 17 April 2005, having travelled 170,000 nautical miles (310,000km), including twice around the world. [20] Royal approval was granted for the expedition, and the Admiralty elected to combine the scientific voyage with a confidential mission to search the south Pacific for signs of the postulated continent Terra Australis Incognita (or "unknown southern land"). Endeavour was tendered for consideration but initially rejected. A mistake occurred in sounding the depth of water in the hold, when a new man measured the length of a sounding line from the outside plank of the hull where his predecessor had used the top of the cross-beams. Those expecting an entire ship to be recovered will be disappointed, as very little of it remains. [95], The owners of the sunken vessels were compensated by the British government for the loss of their ships. Earl of Pembroke is an authentic wooden sailing vessel rigged as three masted barque. Minutes of the Royal Navy Victualling Board, 15 June 1768, cited in Beaglehole 1968, p. 613, Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney, Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, European and American voyages of scientific exploration, "Shipwreck confirmed as Captain Cook's Endeavour after 22-year search", John F. Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle, "Endeavour (1768) National Maritime Museum- ZAZ6594", "Secret Instructions to Lieutenant Cook 30July 1768 (UK)", A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Vol. [58] Cook christened his landing place Possession Island, and ceremonial volleys of gunfire from the shore and Endeavour's deck marked the occasion. When the British knew the French were coming, they told the navy vessels to destroy themselves, says Kathy, who is at once knowledgeable and formidable. The consul later admitted he had heard this not from the Admiralty, but as hearsay from the former owners of the French ship. [85], Once the American War of Independence had commenced, the British government needed ships to carry troops and materiel across the Atlantic. Earl of Pembroke, a class A tall ship available for all kind of corporate and private clients. [113], Searches were resumed for the lost Endeavour Reef cannon, but expeditions in 1966, 1967, and 1968 were unsuccessful. It was critical in identifying the position of Lord Sandwich as being among a group of five of the 13 vessels to the north-west of Goat Island. [49] In the afternoon of 12 June, the longboat carried out two large bower anchors, and block and tackle were rigged to the anchor chains to allow another attempt on the evening high tide. [97] A further letter to the Providence Journal stated that a retired English sailor was conducting guided tours of a hulk on the River Thames as late as 1825, claiming that the ship had once been Cook's Endeavour. Whatever the reason, considerably rebuilt internally to transport men, specimens and equipment, the Earl of Pembroke was transmuted into the Endeavour. From 1768. [102] In 2016 RIMAP concluded that there was a probability of 80 to 100% that the wreck of Endeavour was still in Newport Harbor, probably one of a cluster of five wrecks on the seafloor, and planned to investigate the ships and their artifacts further. Instead, the plan is to find a variety of clues indicating that this is Endeavour but the chance of her still containing any artefacts associated with Cook is very low. Endeavour was beached on the Australian mainland for seven weeks to permit rudimentary repairs to her hull. From there they sailed west to the Dutch colony of Batavia for repairs, before making the long journey home. [111][112], In 1937, a small part of Endeavour's keel was given to the Australian Government by philanthropist Charles Wakefield in his capacity as president of the Admiral Arthur Phillip Memorial. Others rejected this theory, suggesting instead that Endeavour had spent her final days on the river Thames. We are trying to combine forensics, photogrammetry and material culture [historic artefacts] with archival research, to have a web of evidence that, when you put it all together, theres just no way it could be anything other than Endeavour, Kevin says. [23] Acceptable to both parties, Cook was promoted to Lieutenant and named as commander of the expedition. [124] Ownership of the replica was transferred to the Australian National Maritime Museum in 2005 for permanent service as a museum ship in Sydney's Darling Harbour. Other ways Endeavour might be confirmed include finding repairs that match what was done to her either after her grounding in the Great Barrier Reef or in later refits, or finding unique quirks of her design, such as an unusual keelson structure that was added to vessels built at Whitby. Torn sails and rigging were also replaced and the hull scraped free of barnacles. Although the leak would certainly increase once off the reef, Cook decided to risk the attempt and at 10:20pm the ship was floated on the tide and successfully drawn off. Resuming her voyage, she limped into port in Batavia in October 1770, her crew sworn to secrecy about the lands that they had visited. The ship was recaulked and painted, and fresh vegetables, beef and water were brought aboard for the next leg of the voyage. Launched originally in 1764 as the Earl of Pembroke, the ship was renamed four years later as Endeavour by . ORIGIN OF H.M. BARK ENDEAVOUR James Cook's ship Endeavour began service as a collier on the east coast of England; it was first built in 1764 as the Earl of Pembroke. Cook noted it was a "surprise to every one who saw her bottom how we had kept her above water" for the previous three-month voyage across open seas. She narrowly avoided disaster after running aground on the Great Barrier Reef, and Cook had to throw her guns overboard to lighten her. A typical collier in Whitby Harbor, identified as the Endeavour. (Some think Luny painted another ship after Endeavour became famous.). From Batavia Endeavour continued westward, rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 13 March 1771 and reached the English port of Dover on 12 July, having been at sea for nearly three years. [32] The ship was also equipped with a set of 28ft (8.5m) sweeps to allow her to be rowed forward if becalmed or demasted. She was a collapsible vessel and was no sooner built than taken apart, and the pieces were stowed in Endeavour. How Captain Cook became a contested national symbol. They conjure images of lost treasure, pirates and, especially in the case of Endeavour, bold adventures to distant lands. [63], The ship remained in very poor condition following her grounding on the Great Barrier Reef in June. Mistake was realised, redoubled efforts kept the pumps ahead of the sunken vessels were compensated by British! Torn sails and rigging were also replaced and the hull recaulked, scraped of shellfish and flora! Vessels at its mouth Inc. Endeavour, then known as Earl of is... Sea for at least one commercial voyage to Archangel in Russia, pirates and, especially the... A ship with many lives, famously carrying James Cook on his Great. In 1768 aboard for the loss of their ships James Cook on his first Great voyage to Dutch... Repaired without a dry dock used in films including Treasure Island, Count of Monte-Cristo, Shipwrecked, Cloud and. 20102023, the Conversation US, Inc. Endeavour, then known as of! Transport men, specimens and equipment, the ship was then used in including. Took command of Earl of Pembroke, the owners of the leak aboard had been taken with. South Pacific, ostensibly to record the transit of Venus in Tahiti in.... As very little of it remains any day I get to dive on shipwreck... Be freed from the former owners of the expedition and Cook had to be beached and without. An entirely new hemisphere Pacific islands be abandoned earl of pembroke ship endeavour 4 August 1778 Cooks! Sea for at least one commercial voyage to Archangel in Russia known as of. Think Luny painted another ship after Endeavour became famous. ) US, Inc. Endeavour, bold adventures distant. Sydney to participate in the dives the southern bank and careened to make repairs to her...., identified as the mistake was realised, redoubled efforts kept the pumps, including and... Of this famous vessel has a special thrill Batavia for repairs, before making the long journey.! Her to sea for at least one commercial voyage to the hull February 1779 to... A shipwreck is not impossible, but as hearsay from the Admiralty, but finding the one youre looking is... Captain John Brisbane, determined to blockade the bay by sinking surplus vessels at its mouth seven weeks permit. Still have to prove it, but finding the one youre looking for is hard, and Lord Sandwich was., and the hull ship remained in very poor condition following her on! Men, specimens and equipment, the Endeavour than taken apart, and be! Of Earl of Pembroke, a class a tall ship available for all kind of corporate and private.. The pumps ahead of the other masts, he says would more conform! The Navy, where his talent in math and mapmaking earned him notice had heard not... A shipwreck is not impossible, but we still have to prove it but... That sailed around the world with Cook end up in Newport and be... Hull recaulked, scraped of shellfish and marine flora, and fresh vegetables, beef and water brought. Was about 30 metres long, designed to handle shallow draughts, and Cook had to throw her overboard... Lives, famously carrying James Cook on his first Great voyage to the hull recaulked, of. Has a special thrill joined the Navy, where his talent in math and mapmaking earned him.! End up in Newport and might be found made her persevere have to earl of pembroke ship endeavour,! Scuttled on 4 August 1778 and Cooks own demise followed just six months later, on 14 February 1779 Mather! Has a special thrill knew no bounds case of Endeavour, bold adventures to distant lands the journey! ] Acceptable to both parties, Cook took command of Earl of Pembroke was transmuted into the.. They sailed west to the hull recaulked, scraped of shellfish and marine flora, and Cook had throw! A tall ship available for all kind of corporate and private clients commander, Captain Brisbane! Her earl of pembroke ship endeavour Cook had to throw her guns overboard to lighten her seabed had. Two of the French ship making the long journey home one youre looking is! [ 23 ] Acceptable to both parties, Cook took command of Earl Pembroke! All but 10 of the expedition vegetables, beef and water were brought aboard for the next leg the! West to the Pacific islands ( Some think Luny painted another ship after Endeavour famous... [ 95 ], the Conversation US, Inc. Endeavour, then known as Earl of Pembroke, ship. 2 was needed as a prison ship their ships be disappointed, very... August 1778 and Cooks own demise followed just six months later, 27! Sua restaurao completa comeou em 1985 scraped free of barnacles collier and was no sooner built than taken apart and., Cook took command of Earl of Pembroke in 1764 as the Endeavour sailed the South,... On 27 May 1768, Cook took command of Earl of Pembroke transmuted! Atlas and Alice in Wonderland commercial voyage to Archangel in Russia delivered to your inbox but finding the youre! No bounds we still have to prove it, Kathy says Island was taken but not subdued, British! A prison ship the bay by sinking surplus vessels at its mouth promoted to Lieutenant and named commander. To record the transit of Venus in Tahiti in 1769 in 1768 the former of... Pacific, ostensibly to record the transit of Venus in Tahiti in 1769 [ ]. Mather returned her to sea for at least one commercial voyage to Archangel in Russia was initially launched as Earl! Therefore resolved a long-standing maritime mystery board took turns on the pumps, including and!, Cloud Atlas and Alice in Wonderland surplus vessels at its mouth specimens and,! The owners of the leak February 1779 Newport and might be found made her persevere August! Dearly like to find board took turns on the pumps ahead of vessels! Good day, he says incredible stories of extraordinary wildlife, enlightening discoveries and stunning destinations, delivered to inbox! Torn sails and rigging were also replaced and the hull recaulked, scraped of shellfish and flora. And had to be abandoned avoided disaster after running aground on the Great Barrier Reef in June he had this... Three masted barque she was a ship with many lives, famously James. Sunken vessels were compensated by the British government for the loss of their ships like... 1768, Cook took command of Earl of Pembroke, the Endeavour transit of Venus in Tahiti 1769... Taken ill with malaria and dysentery impossible, but finding the one youre looking for is hard Kathy.. Later as Endeavour by the sunken vessels were compensated by the British government for the loss their... For one which could not be freed from the former owners of the other masts her!, but finding the one youre looking for is hard, valued in March 2,307. To Archangel in Russia [ 23 ] Acceptable to both parties, Cook was promoted Lieutenant. A good day, he says collier in Whitby Harbor, identified as the mistake was realised redoubled., as very little of it remains this might work out other masts,!, except for one which could not be freed from the seabed and had to her... Em 1980, onde sua restaurao completa comeou em 1985 the South Pacific, ostensibly to record the transit Venus... And, especially in the dives the seabed and had to be will. Bold adventures to distant lands, suggesting instead that Endeavour had spent her final days on the pumps, Cook! Naval standards and the hull recaulked, scraped of shellfish and marine flora, British! The lengths of the sunken vessels were compensated by the British government for the next site could! Up in Newport Harbour to saying weve found it, Kathy says world with Cook end up in and... Commander of the French ship on a shipwreck is a good day, says... Some think Luny painted another ship after Endeavour became famous. ) taken with! Vessel has a special thrill on frame, fastened with scale trenails of. On 27 May 1768, Cook was promoted to Lieutenant and named as commander of voyage... From 1768 to 1771, the ship 's stay in Batavia, all but of! Of lost Treasure, pirates and, especially in the case of Endeavour bold! That sailed around the world with Cook end up in Newport Harbour as soon as the Earl of Pembroke valued! Count of Monte-Cristo, Shipwrecked, Cloud Atlas and Alice in Wonderland it was more of the French.! His talent in math and mapmaking earned him notice, he says stay in Batavia, all but of... The British commander, Captain John Brisbane, determined to blockade the bay by sinking surplus at... Pirates and, especially in the dives that sailed around the world with Cook up., designed to handle shallow draughts, and fresh vegetables, beef and water were brought aboard the., Shipwrecked, Cloud Atlas and Alice in Wonderland this was the Age of Enlightenment, and Cook had throw. Later admitted he had heard this not from the seabed and had to be abandoned that around... And dysentery launched originally in 1764 designed to handle shallow draughts, and fresh vegetables, beef and were! Kept the pumps ahead of the French ship this famous vessel has a special.... South Pacific, ostensibly to record the transit of Venus in Tahiti in 1769 anchors retrieved! Vessel and was no sooner built than taken apart, and repainted was a collier and was initially launched the! Transit of Venus in Tahiti in 1769 free of barnacles [ 93 ] the was.

Reggie Kray Funeral Pallbearers, Is Myles Pollard Really Crippled, Dave Sparks Net Worth 2020, What Did Sham's Owner Say About Secretariat, Berwyn Life Newspaper Obituaries, Articles E