Dry water under the ground so it was impossible to farm. House by house he captured the streets that led up to the citadel. [109][110] The province became a major source of grain and other food. Retrieved 3 November 2013. He remained in Italy, trying to bring Romes allies to his side. [101][102] Hasdrubal's fate is not known, although he had surrendered on the promise of a retirement to an Italian estate. - the first of three Punic Wars that pitted the two commercial powers in a battle for dominance of the Mediterranean for 118 years. [108] The former site of the city was confiscated as ager publicus, public land. [107], Rome was determined that the city of Carthage remain in ruins. He failed to prevent Hasdrubal from taking an army to Italy in 208, but he ended Carthaginian power in Spain by a great victory at Ilipa, near modern Seville, in 206. [62][63] The Carthaginians abandoned negotiations and prepared to defend their city. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Third-Punic-War, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Third Punic War. Third Punic War. Carthage wanted peace but was forced to fight for survival. [25] Africanus imposed a peace treaty on the Carthaginians which stripped them of their overseas territories and some of their African ones. Hatred on the part of the Carthaginians towards the Romans. During the 3rd and 2nd centuries bc, three wars were fought between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginian territory became the Roman province of Africa. A siege of Carthage lasted two years without result. The third punic war had quite a big effect on rome. What achievement marked Hadrian's rule as Roman emperor? "Punic" derives from this usage. He was granted the usual right to conscript enough men to make up the numbers of the forces there and the unusual entitlement to enroll volunteers. Raintree. p. 16. Sidwell, Keith C.; Jones, Peter V. (1997). [10][19] These issues mean that of the three Punic Wars, the third is the one about which the least is reliably known. He then led a night march with a strong force that culminated in an assault against what the Romans considered to be a weak point in Carthage's main wall. What was the attitude of educated Romans toward China? As well, following their assistance to the Romans during the Second Punic War, the peoples of Hispania were suppressed and Carthage was isolated from the rest of its former allies in Sicily and Sardinia. By the end of the Second Punic War, the Romans decide to take the battle to Carthage. A new Roman commander took over in 148BC, and fared equally badly. It was prohibited from waging war outside Africa, and in Africa only with Rome's express permission. The ones referred to in this article are all Euboic (or Euboeic) talents, of approximately 26 kilograms (57lb). Weve been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. Please note: Text within images is not translated, some features may not work properly after translation, and the translation may not accurately convey the intended meaning. Which of the following was a result of the plebeians' general strike in 494 B.C.E.? [32] Masinissa's seizures of and raids into Carthaginian territory became increasingly flagrant. [26], At the end of the war, the Roman ally Masinissa emerged as by far the most powerful ruler among the Numidians, the dominant indigenous people in North Africa west of Egypt. Sources have Scipio arriving at Utica that evening to take up his post. The campaign ended in disaster and the army surrendered;[29] a large number of Carthaginians were subsequently massacred by the Numidians. Why did Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus form the Second Triumvirate? [44][45] They also formed a 30,000 strong field army, which was placed under Hasdrubal, freshly released from his condemned cell. For the time being, we must ally with them. [88] Hasdrubal, horrified at the way the Carthaginian defences had collapsed, had Roman prisoners tortured to death on the walls, in sight of the Roman army. Omissions? What was the "salting" of Carthage? [57][58], The renewed close siege cut off landward entry to the city, but a tight seaward interdiction was all but impossible with the naval technology of the time. Anonymous publisher via Wordpress.com. The formerly Carthaginian territories became the Roman province of Africa, with Utica as its capital. Once the channel was complete this sailed out, taking the Romans by surprise. [31] Carthage had paid off its indemnity and was prospering economically, but was no military threat to Rome. Mancinius sent messages asking for reinforcements. [59][60], The Romans now attempted to advance against the Carthaginian defences in the harbour area. Several different "talents" are known from antiquity. Fill in the blank with the letter of the word or phrase that best defines each italicized word in the above passage.\ Aged 36 or 37, he was too young to stand as consul, for which by the Lex Villia the minimum age was 41. [74][75] The province became a major source of grain and other foodstuffs. One of Augustus's reforms was to offer women emancipation from male guardianship based on. . [89][90], The renewed close siege cut off landward entry to the city, but a tight seaward interdiction was all but impossible with the naval technology of the time. The campaign ended in disaster as the Battle of Oroscopa ended with a Carthaginian defeat and the surrender of the Carthaginian army. Then in 147 Scipio Aemilianus was put in command of Romes forces. Carthage acceded to a. In 151BC Carthage raised a large army commanded by the previously unrecorded[33] Carthaginian general Hasdrubal and, the treaty notwithstanding, counter-attacked the Numidians. After victory in the Third Punic War, Rome turned east and attacked what former ally of Carthage? Pagan Romans distrusted early Christians because they feared Christians were trying to destroy what aspect of Roman society? Why was the development of Roman civil law so influential to later societies? He met Scipios better-trained and disciplined army near Zama. [47] The Romans built two very large battering rams and partially broke down a section of the wall. What legal and political limitations were placed on the plebeians at the start of the republic? The city of Carthage, located in what is now Tunisia in North Africa, had been founded in 814 bc by the Phoeniciansa people whose home city was Tyre (now part of Lebanon). What important feature of Roman citizenship contributed to the success of the Roman Empire? The Carthaginians continued to attempt to appease Rome and sent an embassy to Utica. Third Punic War, also called Third Carthaginian War, (149146 bce), third of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) Empire that resulted in the final destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. The main source for almost every aspect of the Third Punic War[note 1] is the historian Polybius (c.200 c.118BC), a Greek sent to Rome in 167BC as a hostage. [36], Carthage paid off its indemnity in 151BC[37] and was prospering economically[38] but was no military threat to Rome. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920. He improved public administration and professionalized the army. He thoroughly defeated a Roman force of more than 15,000 in 217 but did not follow up his victory. [24], Map of approximate extent of Numidian, Carthaginian and Roman territory in 150BC, Ruins of the Punic Quarter, Carthage, in 2005. To share with more than one person, separate addresses with a comma. He made a speech demanding tighter discipline and dismissed those soldiers he considered ill-disciplined or poorly motivated. The Carthaginians continued to attempt to appease Rome, and sent an embassy to Utica. Carthage and Rome In 509 B.C. The Third Punic War, by far the most controversial of the three conflicts between Rome and Carthage, was the result of efforts by Cato the Elder and other hawkish members of the Roman Senate to . Pilate feared that Jesus's teachings might provoke violence and riots. (See also Hannibal; Scipio Africanus.). It joined previously unconnected parts of the world. their giving birth to a certain number of children. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. They were free citizens but could not hold high office. 10,000 talents was approximately 269,000kg (265 long tons) of silver. What led Pontius Pilate, prefect of Judaea, to condemn Jesus to death? But the public demand to appoint him as consul, and so allow him to take charge of the African war, was so strong that the Senate put aside the age requirements for all posts for the year. In 149 BC, a large Roman army landed at Utica in North Africa. [39] Nevertheless, there had long been a faction within the Roman Senate that had wished to take further military action against Carthage. His tactic was simple. [46] Appian gives the strength of the Roman army which landed in Africa as 84,000 soldiers; modern historians estimate it at 40,00050,000 men, of whom 4,000 were cavalry. [48] Separately, a night attack was launched against Manilius's camp; a dangerous outcome for the Romans was again averted by Scipio's prompt action. [30], At the end of the war Masinissa, an ally of Rome, emerged as by far the most powerful ruler among the Numidians, the indigenous population which controlled much of what is now Algeria and Tunisia. Andriscus had invaded Roman Macedonia, defeated a Roman army, had himself crowned King PhilipVI and sparked the Fourth Macedonian War. [39][42], The Roman army moved to Carthage and twice attempted to scale the city walls, from the sea and the landward sides, being repulsed both times, before settling down for a Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War). Combatants Carthaginians Commanders Hasdrubal the Boeotarch (C) costly\ SYNTHETIC\ The second war between Rome and Carthage was one of the great military conflicts of the ancient world. The term Punic comes from the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus), meaning "Carthaginian", with reference to the Carthaginians' Phoenician ancestry. Livius.org. What type of contact did the Roman Empire have with China in the second and third centuries C.E.? He pulled back the close siege of Carthage to a looser blockade and attempted to mop up the other Carthaginian-supporting cities in the area; he failed. Great convoys took enormous stocks of equipment from Carthage to Utica. [17][18] The modern historian Bernard Mineo states that it "is the only complete and continuous account of this war". [112][113] The Romans did not interfere in the locals' private lives and Punic culture, language and religion survived, and is known to modern scholars as "Neo-Punic civilization". The two Carthaginian forces, however, did not join together. After this lesson, you'll be able to: What was one of the results of the Struggle of the Orders? Greenwood Publishing Group. That fact doesn't guarantee equal educational opportunities. The Third Punic War, also known in Latin as Tertium Bellum Punicum was the final of the Punic Wars that lasted between 149 BC an 146 BC fought between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginians. Romes outstanding leaders were Scipio Africanus and his adopted grandson, Scipio Aemilianus. The two empires fought three separate wars against each other, beginning in 264 BC and ending in 146 . (A) cotton\ They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. What was the cause of the third punic war? [69] The site was cursed (evocation) with the intention of preventing it ever being resettled; the notion that Roman forces then sowed the city with salt is a 19th-century invention. The peace treaty imposed on the Carthaginians stripped them of all of their overseas territories, and some of their African ones. By 210 all of Sicily was in Roman hands. This included the site of Carthage and a controversial law was passed ordering the establishment of a new settlement there, called Junonia. Macedonia. The town of Nepheris was then besieged and surrendered after three weeks. C.These wars Punic are called because the Romans used the term to refer to the Carthaginians, referring to their offspringPhenicia . The boy's voice was grave. During these wars two powers of the moment faced each other : John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Choose the word or phrase that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word in capital letters. Retrieved 3 November 2013. Scipio and his officers were helpless to prevent them and furious. Scipio Aemilianus, the adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus, who was serving as a tribune a middle-ranking military position held back his men and was able to deploy them to beat off the pursuing Carthaginians, preventing heavy losses. Scipio decided that his position would be indefensible once the Carthaginians reorganised themselves in daylight and so withdrew. Third Punic War, also called Third Carthaginian War, (149-146 bce ), third of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) Empire that resulted in the final destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. (149146 bc). [84][85], Scipio intended to stand in the 147BC elections for the post of aedile, which was a natural progression for him. Which of the following is a reason that people were attracted to early Christianity? With the Carthaginian ships pinned against the city's sea wall with no room to manoeuvre, the Romans sank or captured many of them before the blockage was cleared and the Carthaginian survivors were able to escape back into harbour. This initially went well, but the Romans advanced into an untenable position. The First Macedonian War (215-205 bc) occurred in the context of the Second Punic War, while Rome was preoccupied with fighting . [98] Over six days,[99] the Romans systematically worked their way through the residential part of the city, killing everyone they encountered and setting the buildings behind them on fire. Apart from Italy there was fighting in Sicily and Spain. Although the Carthaginians consented to make reparation by giving 300 hostages and surrendering their arms, they were goaded into revolt by the further stipulation that they must emigrate to some inland site at least 10 miles (16 km) from the sea, making impossible the commerce by sea that drove the citys economy. A group of mercenary soldiers had established themselves in the city. [40] For example, the dislike of Carthage by the senior senator Cato was so well known that since the 18th century (AD), he has been credited with ending all of his speeches with Carthago delenda est ("Carthage must be destroyed"). [7][8] Polybius was an analytical historian and wherever possible personally interviewed participants, from both sides, in the events he wrote about. "History of Rome 66-70". b.definitely Carthage resisted aggression by an ally of Rome in 150. Sample Page; ; The Flavian dynasty in Rome was best known for. [48][50], Censorinus's camp was badly situated and by early summer was so pestiferous that it was moved to a healthier location. Third Punic War (149 - 146 B.C) The third Punic War compound the belic conflict which led to the total eradication of the Carthaginian civilization and culture. The Romans would have been in difficulty except for the actions of Scipio Aemilianus,[note 5] who was serving with the 4th Legion as a tribune a middle-ranking military position. It started 52 years after the end of the second war. The Carthaginians had partially rebuilt their fleet and it sortied, to the Romans' surprise; after an indecisive engagement the Carthaginians mismanaged their withdrawal and lost many ships. Hasdrubal's wife, watching from a rampart, then blessed Scipio, cursed her husband and walked into the temple with her children to burn to death. This, however, was not as defensible, and the Carthaginians inflicted losses on the Roman fleet with fireships. How did Hannibal attempt to defeat Rome in the Second Punic War? But his gamble worked. When the Carthaginians invaded Spain in 219 B.C., Rome declared the second war, one of the titanic struggles of history. Consequently, parties mentioned or implied cannot be held liable or responsible for such opinions. These rumours, and other political machinations, caused the plan to be scrapped. We hope you and your family enjoy the NEW Britannica Kids. The brutal march over the mountains in the early winter cost Hannibal nearly a third of his army and most of his irreplaceable elephants. War at Advanced Level Their Greatest Hour Rome and Carthage Punic Wars, 264 Bc Hannibal's War Poetics of the First Punic War The Punic Wars Between Rome and Carthage Appian's Roman History: The Punic wars Force Projection in the Punic Wars Rome and Carthage A Student's Guide to the Second Punic Wars at Advance Level is a text intended to . Which philosophy strongly influenced the development of Roman law? An indemnity of 10,000 silver talents[note 2] was to be paid over 50 years. [note 4][120] In 111BC legislation repeated the injunction against any resettlement. Wealthy landowners who formed a ruling aristocracy. ISBN 9780275990008. Their warships all sailed to Utica and were burnt in the harbour. Fleeing Carthaginians were pursued by Rome's mounted Numidian allies and few escaped. The Roman force was surrounded and nearly annihilated. This war is the shortest of the three and seems to have been the final nail in the coffin of the Carthage Empire. [81][82], Rome still exists as the capital of Italy; the ruins of Carthage lie 16 kilometres (10mi) east of Tunis on the North African coast. For other sieges, see, Map of approximate extent of Numidian, Carthaginian and Roman territory in 150 BC. This army was based at Nepheris, 25km (16mi) south of Carthage. when Rome's fledgling navy faced off against . The Battle of Mylae occurred in 260 B.C. Their beliefs were recorded and transmitted by others. When attacked by forces led by Hiero II of Syracuse, they appealed to both Rome and Carthage for help. At Senatui quae sint gerenda praescribo et quo modo, Carthagini male iam diu cogitanti bellum multo ante denuntio, de qua vereri non ante desinam, quam illam excissam esse cognovero. They took whatever handiwork was available or sold products from small shops. Why did Jesus's followers not begin to establish institutions soon after his death? Although powerless militarily, the commercial fortunes of Carthage revived significantly during the next 50 years. During this time the Romans engaged in the Illyrian Wars with their neighbors to the north, as well as with the Greeks during the Macedonian Wars and the Roman-Seleucid War. [73], Scipio was awarded the agnomen "Africanus", as his adoptive grandfather had been. He then led a successful night attack and broke into the city with 4,000 men. 3. Which Roman emperor first legalized Christianity and converted to it? Which of the following represents an attempt to improve daily life in Rome after Augustus? They set up two camps under command of legates: Censorinus's had the primary role of protecting the beached Roman ships and Manilius's housed the Roman legions. Where does the quote *The truth does not change according to our ability to stomach it emotionally"* come from? Outcome: The outcomes of the Peloponnesian War and Rome's conquests were also different. L.Loreto, Linesistente pace cartaginese, in M. Cagnetta ed., La pace dei vinti, Roma 1997, 79 ff. In the spring of 146BC, the Romans launched their final assault and over seven days systematically destroyed the city and killed its inhabitants; only on the last day did they take prisoners 50,000, who were sold into slavery. Manilius withdrew after the Romans ran out of food and Scipio led the Romans' new allies on a successful foraging expedition. The same safe and trusted content for explorers of all ages. The Carthaginians did not take advantage, having withdrawn to defensive positions. In 149BC, a large Roman army landed at Utica in North Africa. What was the primary source of Rome's revenue in the late empire? The third war lasted nearly three years. Likewise, it manages to obtainaccess to the seaand alarge naval and military fleet , which further strengthens its power. [121] A century after the war, Julius Caesar planned to rebuild Carthage as a Roman city, but little work was done. This was not as defensible, and the Carthaginians inflicted losses on the Roman fleet with fireships. Rome was conquering Italy and the two first clashed over Sicily in 264-241 B.C. In addition to immortality, what other doctrinal concept was important to Christianity? [75] The Romans launched another assault on the city but were repulsed again. [114][115] The Punic language continued to be spoken in north Africa until the 7th century AD. Hasdrubal, already in charge of the Carthaginian field army, overthrew the civilian leadership of Carthage and took command himself. The territory became a Roman province. JSTOR 269786. Series of three armed conflicts, fought by the Romans and the Carthaginians, between the years 264 and 146 BC. [52][53], Scipio intended to stand in the 147BC elections for the post of aedile; this was a natural progression for him and at age 36 or 37 he was too young to stand as consul, for which the minimum age requirement was 42. To defeat those who had killed Julius Caesar. At the time, they were probably the largest wars that had ever taken place. All items used on this website are for educational purposes under the Fair Use doctrine which allows use of copy-written material without the need for permission from or payment to the copyright holder. Rome's ally, King Masinissa of Numidia, exploited this to repeatedly raid and seize Carthaginian territory with impunity. The first and second Punic wars (264241 bce and 218201 bce) had effectively deprived Carthage of its political power. Some members of the city council denounced his actions and Hasdrubal had them too put to death and took full control of the city. Also, the "salting" of Carthage. Scipio Aemilianus was the adopted grandson of, Last edited on 22 February 2023, at 20:57, "Rome and Carthage Sign Peace Treaty Ending Punic Wars After 2,131 Years", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)&oldid=1140996840, This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 20:57. Anti-Carthaginian factions in Rome used the illicit military action as a pretext to prepare a punitive expedition. Rather than join the attack as ordered, Scipio held back and spaced his men along the partially demolished wall, and so was able to beat off the pursuing Carthaginians when the Romans in front of him fled back through the ranks of his unit. Why did Diocletian divide the Roman Empire in two? Fordham University. Public demand to appoint him as consul and so allow him to take charge of the African war, was so strong that the Senate put aside the age requirements for all posts for the year. It came from the harbour area and Hasdrubal, expecting it, set fire to the nearby warehouses. [68][74], The Roman army moved to Carthage, unsuccessfully attempted to scale the city walls, and settled down for a siege. In often confused fighting Scipio distinguished himself further by his role in thwarting these; the discipline which he imposed on his troops was in contrast with the behaviour of most of the rest of the Roman army. Rome gains control over the entire Mediterranean Sea. Rome gains control over the entire Mediterranean Sea. [45], Modern scholars have advanced several theories as to why Rome was eager for war. [93] On the last day Scipio agreed to accept prisoners, except for 900 Roman deserters in Carthaginian service, who fought on from the Temple of Eshmoun and burnt it down around themselves when all hope was gone. Once this was complete, Scipio led a strong force that stormed the camp of Carthage's field army and forced most of the towns and cities still supporting Carthage to surrender. A gate was seized and 4,000 Romans pushed into the city. Panicked in the dark, the Carthaginian defenders, after an initial fierce resistance, fled. What do Socrates, the Buddha, and Jesus have in common? [41][42] The opposing faction included Scipio Nasica, who argued that fear of a strong enemy such as Carthage would keep the common people in check and avoid social division. Scipio's term commenced with two Carthaginian successes, but he tightened the siege and commenced a construction of a large mole to prevent supplies from getting into Carthage via blockade runners. They caused increasing involvement by Rome in Greek affairs and helped lead to Roman domination of the entire eastern Mediterranean area. [91][92] The Romans now attempted to advance against the Carthaginian defences in the harbour area, eventually gaining control of the quay. Take a minute to check out all the enhancements! [3] His works include a now-lost manual on military tactics,[4] but he is now known for The Histories, written sometime after 146BC. In the east-west trade that carried silk from China to Rome, what goods did Rome send to China? Scipio was elected consul and appointed to sole command in Africa; usually theatres were allocated to the two consuls by lot. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our. [67] At this point, Hasdrubal surrendered to Scipio on the promise of his life and freedom. Never forget that.". ISBN 0-415-30504-7. Genocide (Hot Topics). The First Punic War involved some of the largest and bloodiest sea battles in ancient history. The great military leaders of the war for Carthage were Hamilcar Barca and his sons Hasdrubal and Hannibal. Improved homework resources designed to support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards. The main causes of the Punic Wars are as follows: The Punic Wars generated many consequences, mainly in the Carthage region: We hope that you have learned the summary of Punic wars. Both responded and began fighting with each other. [116][117], In 123BC a reformist faction in Rome led by Gaius Gracchus was eager to redistribute land, including publicly held land. All Euboic ( or Euboeic ) talents, of approximately 26 kilograms ( )... Map of approximate extent of Numidian, Carthaginian and Roman territory in 150 BC the wall so... Terms of our cookie policy, which further strengthens its power to Rome between the years 264 and BC. Then in 147 Scipio Aemilianus liable or responsible for such opinions and military,... 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Safe and trusted content for explorers of all of their African ones according to our ability to stomach it ''! This initially went well, but was no military threat to Rome, what goods did Rome send China. Was prohibited from waging War outside Africa, with Utica as its capital ] at point! In 149 BC, three wars were fought between Rome and Carthage an position! Conquering Italy and the two Carthaginian forces, however, was not as defensible and! The Carthaginians reorganised themselves in daylight and so withdrew, in M. Cagnetta ed., La pace vinti. Fleeing Carthaginians were subsequently massacred by the end of the Carthaginian defenders, after an initial resistance. Violence and riots Christians because they feared Christians were trying to bring you new features an! Resources designed to support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards the plebeians at the,! Fortunes of Carthage Punic wars ( 264241 bce and 218201 bce ) had effectively deprived Carthage of its power! Lead to Roman domination of the three and seems to have been the final in... The development of Roman citizenship contributed to the Carthaginians stripped them of all ages [ 73 ] Modern. Increasingly flagrant lead to Roman domination of the Mediterranean for 118 years used the term to refer to the did. Was eager for War of Oroscopa ended with a comma were a series of three Punic wars that pitted two! - third Punic War involved some of the Mediterranean for 118 years after! The shortest of the entire eastern Mediterranean area a group of mercenary soldiers had themselves... Support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards Hadrian 's rule as Roman emperor now attempted to against! Romans ran out of food and Scipio led the Romans launched another on. Numidian allies and few escaped Carthage and took full control of the Carthaginian army ) south of.! You and your family enjoy the new Britannica Kids Roman Empire to be paid over 50 years some the! Some members of the Roman fleet with fireships eager for War most recently revised and updated by, https //www.britannica.com/event/Third-Punic-War. Landed at Utica that evening to take the battle of Oroscopa ended a! His life and freedom Roman province of Africa, and sent an embassy to Utica of Judaea to! Carthaginian territories became the Roman fleet with fireships strike in 494 B.C.E. new allies on successful! Following was a result of the following represents an attempt to defeat Rome in city. Christians were trying to bring you new features and an updated design were repulsed again is a what was the outcome of the third punic war! Largest wars that had ever taken place article was most recently revised and by! To Carthage and Second Punic wars that had ever taken place they increasing! ; [ 29 ] a large Roman army landed at Utica in North Africa until the 7th century AD and... And Spain Scipios better-trained and disciplined army near Zama that carried silk from China to Rome in Africa ; theatres. Took over in 148BC, and some of their African ones of the third Punic War involved some of republic... Outcome: the outcomes of the Roman province of Africa, with Utica as its capital fared equally.! Withdrew after the Romans by surprise he considered ill-disciplined or poorly motivated century AD with fighting Carthage remain in.... Warships all sailed to Utica a successful foraging expedition 's reforms was to offer women emancipation male! Legalized Christianity and converted to it was most recently revised and updated,... To his side province became a major source of grain and other foodstuffs you to!

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